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Social Media Campaign Essay - 825 Words

Social Media Campaign (Essay Sample) Content: Social Media CampaignNameCourseCollegeTutorAugust 27, 2014Social Media CampaignSocial media campaign entails utilization of the internet based social platforms to promote a product or brand. Advertisement through the social media such as face book and twitter garners more traffic as the people who frequent these sites are converted into customers more easily the clients who access website by querying the search engines. Traffic from social media is generated for free as compared to the other forms of generating traffic found on the internet. Marketing through social media is time consuming and entails involved effort which may not be convenient for everybody. The person designing the campaign must remain at par with the emerging trends and must consistently upgrade the medium in order to maintain an enduring relationship with customers and fans. Through the social media, a two way communication channel is established between the person who posts the information and t he reader. If the marketer ignores the readers feedback the marketing effort may be ruined. Social media invites a two-way conversation between the poster of the information and the reader. There are various processes that a marketer must go through to make sure that his internet based marketing is successful. Steps For Designing Social Media CampaignStep One: Identifying The Potential CustomersBefore the social media marketer commences his online campaign through the internet platform he should know the kind of people he is trying to reach out to. In this case, the marketer should know the potential consumer and get to know how he interacts with the online environment. He should have demographics like the kind of websites they visit, the engagement with social media and how often they use their e-mail. The secret to effective online campaign is creating a message that centers on the value that the health care service will bring to the reader (Nardi, 2008). The marketing message mus t be well designed in order for the readers to see there is value with engagement in order for them to consistently convinced and become more invested in the campaign.Step Two: Setting TargetThe marketer must have in his finger tips the overarching objective of the campaign in general. Before the marketing campaign is commenced the writer must have a purpose in mind in order to know what the campaign is trying to achieve. From the initial objectives then goals are unearthed to aid the marketer in making specific policies and steps necessary towards the achievement of the overall objective a goal should be specific such as To increase sales by 10% in two months. goals give the marketer a clear idea on what to shoot for. Step Three: Implementing A Plan Its imperative for the social media marketer to determine well in advance on the best tactics to pursue in order to achieve the expected goals. There are various tactics such as posting interesting content, participating in online com munities and building relationships. These tactics help to bring in more traffic which translates to more customers. Its important to consider how the marketing tactics work together to bring about a more compounding impact.Step Four: Posting Regular, Relevant And Informative Content: This is the surest way to draw attention to the message you are passing across. All the readers value informative content, with this kind of content its easy to draw the attention of the readers. Interesting content brings in more followers and fans, articles and blog posts shared with the followers build up on the credibility and the authority of the market. Its through this content that the author can actually inform the followers concerning certain products or services. With consisted posting of both informative and interesting content the website becomes reliable to the funs and when it comes to purchasing decisions the marketer will leverage on that trust to tap into the vast market. Step Five: M easuring Results In order to establish whether the social media campaign has been effective its imperative to measure the results. Every stipulated goal in the campaign should be tied to specific measurement (Peterson Alexander, 2011). The online environment is very convenient as the marketers have access to real time data and this helps the marketers to monitor the campaign metrics to see whether the desired results are being achieved.Responsibilities and Competencies of a health educatorSome of the competencies tha... Social Media Campaign Essay - 825 Words Social Media Campaign (Essay Sample) Content: Social Media CampaignNameCourseCollegeTutorAugust 27, 2014Social Media CampaignSocial media campaign entails utilization of the internet based social platforms to promote a product or brand. Advertisement through the social media such as face book and twitter garners more traffic as the people who frequent these sites are converted into customers more easily the clients who access website by querying the search engines. Traffic from social media is generated for free as compared to the other forms of generating traffic found on the internet. Marketing through social media is time consuming and entails involved effort which may not be convenient for everybody. The person designing the campaign must remain at par with the emerging trends and must consistently upgrade the medium in order to maintain an enduring relationship with customers and fans. Through the social media, a two way communication channel is established between the person who posts the information and t he reader. If the marketer ignores the readers feedback the marketing effort may be ruined. Social media invites a two-way conversation between the poster of the information and the reader. There are various processes that a marketer must go through to make sure that his internet based marketing is successful. Steps For Designing Social Media CampaignStep One: Identifying The Potential CustomersBefore the social media marketer commences his online campaign through the internet platform he should know the kind of people he is trying to reach out to. In this case, the marketer should know the potential consumer and get to know how he interacts with the online environment. He should have demographics like the kind of websites they visit, the engagement with social media and how often they use their e-mail. The secret to effective online campaign is creating a message that centers on the value that the health care service will bring to the reader (Nardi, 2008). The marketing message mus t be well designed in order for the readers to see there is value with engagement in order for them to consistently convinced and become more invested in the campaign.Step Two: Setting TargetThe marketer must have in his finger tips the overarching objective of the campaign in general. Before the marketing campaign is commenced the writer must have a purpose in mind in order to know what the campaign is trying to achieve. From the initial objectives then goals are unearthed to aid the marketer in making specific policies and steps necessary towards the achievement of the overall objective a goal should be specific such as To increase sales by 10% in two months. goals give the marketer a clear idea on what to shoot for. Step Three: Implementing A Plan Its imperative for the social media marketer to determine well in advance on the best tactics to pursue in order to achieve the expected goals. There are various tactics such as posting interesting content, participating in online com munities and building relationships. These tactics help to bring in more traffic which translates to more customers. Its important to consider how the marketing tactics work together to bring about a more compounding impact.Step Four: Posting Regular, Relevant And Informative Content: This is the surest way to draw attention to the message you are passing across. All the readers value informative content, with this kind of content its easy to draw the attention of the readers. Interesting content brings in more followers and fans, articles and blog posts shared with the followers build up on the credibility and the authority of the market. Its through this content that the author can actually inform the followers concerning certain products or services. With consisted posting of both informative and interesting content the website becomes reliable to the funs and when it comes to purchasing decisions the marketer will leverage on that trust to tap into the vast market. Step Five: M easuring Results In order to establish whether the social media campaign has been effective its imperative to measure the results. Every stipulated goal in the campaign should be tied to specific measurement (Peterson Alexander, 2011). The online environment is very convenient as the marketers have access to real time data and this helps the marketers to monitor the campaign metrics to see whether the desired results are being achieved.Responsibilities and Competencies of a health educatorSome of the competencies tha...

What is Math Anxiety and What Can Be Done About It Essay

Anxiety is commonly defined as a fear that causes immense amounts of stress. When thinking of anxiety one does not consider it associated with math. However, the idea of math anxiety exists. Unlike the commonly recognized anxiety, math anxiety is not psychological, it is emotional. Anyone that has math anxiety experiences stress or discomfort with math. Some may feel inadequate in their math abilities and therefore avoid math altogether. Others may try but still second guess their math work. Most people that have math anxiety tend to evade math situations. Effandi Zakaria et al. explain math anxiety through a case study titled Mathematics Anxiety and Achievement Among Secondary School Students. This case study was conducted in Malaysia†¦show more content†¦This implies that high anxiety causes low math scores (1831). Conclusively, teachers need to accept that math anxiety may reside in their students and therefore be proactive in their approach of teaching mathematics. As a math tutor and future teacher I am sure I will encounter many students with math anxiety. These students may give up easily, get frustrated or angry, avoid eye contact, or show a lack of confidence. In helping these students cope with math anxiety I will encourage them that they can do math and that we can work it out together. I will reassure them that although math may be difficult we can learn and grow from it. If students are having a hard time on a specific topic I will slow down the solving process and go step-by-step making sure the students understand each step and therefore understanding the whole process. Also I will give the students multiple problems dealing with the same math concept to make sure the students are understanding the topic and not just going along with the motions. Personally, I think math anxiety can be overcome or diminished to an extent just like any other fear. As long as people with math anxiety ask questions, practice, and keep a positive attitude I think that the fear can definitely be lessened. Although I am a Secondary Math Education major I have experienced math anxiety before. One of the most recent times I experienced math anxiety was when I took the Pre-service AcademicShow MoreRelatedGeneralized Anxiety Disorder ( Adhd ) Essay1216 Words   |  5 PagesAnxiety, or commonly referred to as generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is when a person has â€Å"excessive worry about a variety of topics† (Carrol 2014). When a person has generalized anxiety disorder, they process a fear in their mind on different types of issues that are occurring in their everyday life. This disorder can affect a person for a â€Å"period of at least six months† (Carroll 2014). Of the different types of generalized anxiety disorders that people face on a daily basis, mathematics anxietyRead More Massage Therapy Reduces Anxiety and Enhances EEG Patterns of Alertness and Math Computations1311 Words   |  6 Pagespeople in the world talk about how beneficial massage can be and that it makes you feel more relaxed. They say that if you receive massage, even just once a month, that it could help you in many different aspects of your life, such as helping depression, lessening anxiety, becoming more relaxed more often, and that it can help you become less stressed in your day to day life. In this research study, the researchers hypothesize that massage would have an effect on anxiety, depression, and alertnessRead MoreRole Of Academic Self Efficiency On The Relation Between Task Importance And Test Anxiety1552 Words   |  7 PagesResearch Article Assignment Test Anxiety Role of academic self-efficiency in moderating the relation between task importance and test anxiety. Citation in APA Format: Nie, Y., Lau, S., Liau, A. K. (2011). Role of academic self-efficiency in moderationg the relation between task importance and test anxiety. Learning and Individual Differences, 21(6), 736-741. Purpose of the study: The purpose of the study was to provide information about potential ways to reduce test anxiety; whether academic self-efficiencyRead MoreMathematics And Your Feelings Towards Mathematics963 Words   |  4 Pageson your beliefs about you’re mathematics skills. My skills in maths are very limited. Simple addition, subtraction, some multiplication, word problems and reading tables I believe I have a good idea about. Subjects such as mixed fractions, percentages, scientific notation’s etc I struggle with. Math is a subject I actually love doing and throwing myself into learning more, but at the same time my maths anxiety plays a key factor in my feeling and beliefs towards going beyond what I know. As citedRead MoreWhy Mathematics Is Important For Teaching Mathematics782 Words   |  4 Pagesreactions, commonly an anxiety reaction. Surprisingly, I am not speaking here only about students, but more importantly about the people who teach mathematics. As the study done by Alan B. Bates, Nancy I. Latham, and Jin-ah Kim indicated, many teachers have fears about teaching mathematics and how teachers’ fears influence students, their learning outcomes, and how mathematics has impacted them in their years of teaching. These finding are also relevant to how I felt about teaching math due to lack confidenceRead Morehow stereotype threat may cause poor performance in women Essay1509 Words   |  7 Pagespsychological threat that arises when one is in a situation or doing something for which a negative stereotype about one’s group applies.† (Steele, 1997, p 614). According to C.M. Steele and Aronson (1995), there are two types of stereotype threat a person can encounter. The first kind of stereotype threat a person can come across is when that person acknowledges that a negative stereotype exists about their social group and their capabilities. The second type of stereotype threat is when a person is moreRead MoreImportance Of Road Mapping For Students1587 Words   |  7 PagesParrish (2010), the heart of number talks is classroom conversations focused on making sense of mathematics (p. 203). This means one of the most powerful tools a math educator can use with struggling students, or curriculum lacki ng adequate rigor, is a well-researched number talk with groups of students. A well-developed number talk can be a standalone whole group discussion, but often, the teacher will integrate it into small group interventions with students who need acceleration, or remediationRead MoreReflection About My College Experience1004 Words   |  5 PagesMaria, I talk to her about many things such as my transition to college, my roommates, friends, classes and how my short term goal was to take the Mathematics Advisory Exam, MAE, and my long term goal being to get satisfactory grades. Knowing myself, I knew that I would not achieve all of my goals. During that second meeting I spoke with Maria and gave her an update about my college and dorming experience as well as how I did not reach all my goals, but I talked to her about my updated goals andRead MoreTaking a Look at Math Anxiety577 Words   |  2 PagesMath anxiety maybe unknown to many people and yet many more suffer from it. Math a nxiety is defined as the feeling of tension and anxiety that interfere with the manipulation of numbers and the solving of mathematical problems in a wide variety of ordinary life and academic situations (Curtain-Phillips). Other studies suggest that math anxiety not only causes one to feel anxious in a mathematical situation but also causes a person to completely avoid a situation because of the ones insecuritiesRead MoreAnalysis Of Claude Steele s Influence On Minority Students1587 Words   |  7 Pagesself-affirmation theory and its role in self-regulation and the academic under-achievement of minority students and women. Steele explained the academic under achievement of minority students with stereotype threat which is when racial and gender stereotypes can affect minority and womens grades, test scores, and academic identity.(Lasnier, 2009).For many years’ stereotype threat has affected minority students learning making it hard to focus on school because of their env ironment putting stereotypes in their

Reading, Driving While Stupid, By Dave Barry - 801 Words

Final Paper After reading â€Å"Driving While Stupid,† by Dave Barry, he tells us about some of his experience with seeing bad drivers. Barry uses many old experiences while being in Miami, China, Boston, and Argentina. I agree with this statement because in almost every city I been in the driving was terrible. Everyone, in some way or another, has witnessed people drive very stupid and reckless. Barry indicated that some drivers use insane driving techniques. These include driving very fast, failure of the utilization of headlights at night, and having distractions for the view of the drivers. He says that the drivers do not have a sequence for navigation since some are involved in phone calls, eating, reading, changing CDs, crowd surface makeup, etc. This is a common thing for teens and even adults to be distracted behind the wheel. He drove through various cities where the traffic laws are constantly being violated. For example, has only one traffic law, which is  "No driver may ever be behind any other driver.† In his opinion, Miami drivers are the worst drivers that he has ever witness because of the guy who was driving on 1-95. He was watching videos on his phone and was clearly not paying attention to the road or any other drivers. This does not only affect him but also the other people around him. He was not be cautious of the road and putting his and others lives in danger. Barry mention in his story about â€Å"Miami, proud home of the worst darned drivers in theShow MoreRelatedManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesOrganizations, Seventh Edition Cohen Harvard Business Review Finance Articles The Power of Management Capital Feigenbaum−Feigenbaum International Management, Sixth Edition Hodgetts−Luthans−Doh Contemporary Management, Fourth Edition Jones−George Driving Shareholder Value Morin−Jarrell Leadership, Fifth Edition Hughes−Ginnett−Curphy The Art of M A: Merger/Acquisitions/Buyout Guide, Third Edition Reed−Lajoux and others . . . This book was printed on recycled paper. Management http://wwwRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesinfluential article, Henry Mintzberg (1975) argued that management education had almost nothing to say about what managers actually do from day to day. He further faulted management textbooks for introducing students to the leading theories about management while ignoring what is known about effective management practice. Sympathetic to Mintzberg’s critique, we set out to identify the defining competencies of effective managers. Although no two management positions are exactly the same, the research summarizedRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagescontinues its tradition of making current, relevant research come alive for students. While maintaining its hallmark features—clear writing style, cutting-edge content, and engaging pedagogy—the fourteenth edition has been updated to re flect the most recent research within the field of organizational behavior. This is one of the most comprehensive and thorough revisions of Organizational Behavior we’ve undertaken, and while we’ve preserved the core material, we’re confident that this edition reflects theRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 Pagesin four parts: Part I—Information Technology provides background knowledge about major information technology components: hardware and software, networks, and data. Depending on the targeted audience, these chapters may be assigned as background readings as a kind of â€Å"level-setting† for students from different educational and work backgrounds and experiences. Part II—Applying Information Technology introduces in detail the capabilities of three categories of software applications: enterprise

Supply Chain Management and Sustained Competitive System

Question: Discuss about the Supply Chain Management and Sustained Competitive System. Answer: Introduction The purpose of the report is to present a competitive analysis between Australia and New Zealand regarding their competitive position in the world market. The report aims to make a strategic analysis on behalf of French Innovation, a French science based company, which seeks to expand its innovation activities to a country in Australasia. The competitive position of Australia and New Zealand are analysed from the global competitive report 2016-17 published by World Economic Forum. According to the WEF report of 2016-17, score of New Zealand is 5.31 with position at 16th place and that of Australia is 5.19 with position at 22st place among the 138 countries (weforum.org 2017). This figure indicates that competitive environment is better in New Zealand in comparison to Australia. The global competitive index is based on three sub index such as basic requirements for business, efficiency enhancer and innovation and sophistication factor. The innovation index consists of business sophistication and innovation. The main findings of the report are that growth rate in global economy has slowed down as global competitiveness has been decreased after the global financial crisis in 2007-09. Therefore, monetary policy is not the only factor for the decreasing economic growth rate. The report finds out the position of economic development along with their competitive position in the world market. The decision of business expansion will be taken base on the competitive advantage of operating in each of the two countries. Competitive advantage in a country depends on the market efficiency, which in turn depends on the demand condition, orientation of buyer (Dunning 2013). This demand condition forces companies for innovation of product and services. The report suggest the company for choosing right country for business expansion for innovation based on several parameters analysed in the global competitive index. Four key factor s influencing innovations such as availability of venture capital, innovation capacity of the country, domestic market size and availability of scientist in the country are analysed Position of economic development As discussed by Heron and Siles?Brgge, (2012), indicators of economic development of a country is progress in education and other social infrastructure, standard of living, increase in factor productivity, reduction in poverty. Education and improvement in productivity is the most important indicator of the innovation. Investment in education by both public and private sector, investment in research and development facilitates the growth of human capital in the country. Human capital formation enhances the rate of growth o innovation in different field of society. Australia Index/ranking New Zealand Index/ranking Infrastructure 5.6 / 17 5.3 / 27 Health and primary education 6.6 / 10 6.6 / 6 Higher education and training 5.9 / 9 5.9 / 10 Financial market development 5.4 / 6 5.8 / 1 Innovation 4.5 / 26 4.6 / 23 Capacity for innovation 5.1 /22 5.3 / 17 Quality of management schools 5.4 / 17 5.3/ 24 Table 1: Index for progress in education (Source: weforum.org 2016-17) Australia is a progressive economy in terms of economic development and investment in higher education. Australia ranks 37 for enrolment in primary education and ranks 3 for enrolment in secondary education. Enrolment in tertiary education index is 86.6 with ranking 8. On the other hand, New Zealand ranks at 6th position for investing in health and primary education. Therefore, position of New Zealand is better compared to Australia in terms of enrolment in primary education (Rugman, A.2012M., Oh, C.H. and Lim 2012). However, innovation in different sector depends on the investment in tertiary and secondary sector. Development in higher education is better in Australia along with innovation. Quality of business education is greater in Australia compared to New Zealand. Table 1 indicates that Australia is more progressive compared to New Zealand while education and primary health is concern for economic development. As quality of management school is of high standard in Australia, it is evident that innovation in business would be greater in this country (Moran 2012). However, development of financial market is greater in New Zealand compared to Australia. Competitive position of two countries Competition position of a country is determined by intensity of local competition, effectiveness of the anti monopoly rule, taxation, tariff barriers, labour market efficiency. Competitiveness of a country determines by the ease of doing business in this country. Table 2 shows that the extent of local competition is greater in Australia in comparison to New Zealand. However, the table indicates that New Zealand is more efficient to create dominance in the international market. New Zealand government has been successful in implementation of the competition policy. As discussed by Yarbrough and Yarbrough (2014), competitiveness of a country is determined by the extent of liberalism followed by the country that is its market share, anti monopoly policy taken by government, percentage of corporate profit, tariff rate on import and degree of customer orientation. Government undertake anti monopoly policy to increase competition in the consumer goods market to secure the interest of the consumers. Hovenkamp (2015) mentioned that there is competition in labour market also as human resource is the most important part of innovation. Innovation in a country is determined by the capacity of the country to attract and retain talent, which in turn depend on the availability of job, job related infrastructure in that country (Saeidi et al. 2015). It can be evaluated from the competitive analysis between Australia and New Zealand that New Zealand holds better ranking in the global competitive position. Choice of country based on overall competitive position Global competitive index indicates the global competitive landscape of a country based on certain parameters. Improvement in financial market is important parameters, which is essential to attract foreign investors. Easy availability of fund, fewer restrictions in the institutional factors influence the competitive factors and foreign investment in different sectors. In the view of Blakely and Leigh (2013), commodity prices remain low in the competitive market to facilitate customer. Anti-monopoly policy of government provides advantages for domestic consumers. Mitrou et al. (2014) argued that anti-monopoly policies encourages economic efficiency and deter success of a firm with capability to acquire market share. However, in the context of globalisation, anti monopoly law facilitates investment in education, research and development. Foreign firms are encouraged to invest in the domestic industry. Investment from multinational companies increases to create more job opportunity in th e domestic economy (Miller, Kim. and Holmes 2015). Therefore, labour market also becomes competitive and scope of innovation increases as brings competitive advantage in the market. As per findings of WEF, there is problem of financing in Australia along with policy instability and inefficient capacity to innovate. It can be evaluated from table 2 that anti monopoly practice is more effective in New Zealand in comparison to Australia as per ranking among 138 countries. However, market size in Australia is greater and infrastructure is developed than New Zealand. Major indicators suggest that French Innovation needs to invest in New Zealand as this country has greater business friendly environment, which can facilitate innovation. Rule for the evaluation of the national competitive advantage Competitive advantage among nations is evaluated through opportunity cost according to international trade theory. Trade theory suggests that a country would have competitive advantage if it can produce greater output using same unit of input. Competitiveness of nations and their competitive advantage is determined by labour cost; invest in innovation or human capital formation, rate of interest, economies of scale (Northouse 2012). Demand for domestically produced goods in home country and that in international market and firm strategy are determinants of competitive advantage. As explained by Ricardo model of trade, country, which has less opportunity cost of producing a commodity instead of other goods, that country, has competitive advantage in producing that good (Maddison and Denniss 2013). As stated by Mitrou et al. (2014), factor endowment, firm strategy, rivalry, demand condition and presence of supporting industry in the economy. National advantage determinants for Australia and New Zealand are goods market efficiency, labour market efficiency, market size and business sophistication. Human capital formation is an important determinant. It has been from table 2 that the Australia is more efficient in talent retention, however, New Zealand is comparatively efficient in talent attracting. Price regulation in a country is another factor in determining macroeconomic environment. Australia ranks 1 in controlling inflation in the economy. Low inflation is advantageous for low commodity price. Labour market functioning in Australia is not efficient with high tax rate, high unemployment rate. Choice of country based on the four key factors Venture capital availability: Australia has 44th rank in the world in this index. New Zealand is at16th rank. Financial market in New Zealand is more reformed compared to that of Australia. After 2014, New Zealand government has brought a reform in financial market in terms of liberalisation (nzvca.co.nz 2015). Availability of license, credit has now been easier. Therefore, availability of fund from New Zealand financial sector has been easier (Rugman, Oh and Lim 2012). Capacity of innovation: Australia has 22nd rank and New Zealand has rank 17th. Higher and tertiary education system in New Zealand is more competent than Australia. Although Australia has infrastructure for bringing innovation for product development in different sectors of the economy, New Zealand is more capable in utilising both physical and financial resources for the human capital development required for innovation (weforum.org 2017). Availability of scientist: Ranking of Australia and New Zealand are respectively 17th and 25th. It can be inferred from the data that Australia is more able to retain their talent in the country compared to New Zealand. Domestic market size: 20th for Australia and 63rd for New Zealand. Number of customer for a product and supply of product in the market determine market size. Based on the positions of two countries in the global competitive report, it can be said that business operation and product innovation are advantageous for a new business in New Zealand. Australia has a wider market, however due to institutional constraints; there is less opportunity for innovation. Reasons for recommendation and conclusion The global competitive index published by World economic Forum states the ranking of the countries in terms their index. Global competitiveness is determined by some institutional, infrastructural components such as property rights, firm values, structure, government resource allocation, government regulation. Social infrastructure such as school, university and other research organisations, required research intuitions for both science and business innovations. New Zealand is preferable country for investment as it has more developed and efficient social infrastructure to support innovation undertaken by French Innovation. Human capital is important factor for innovation to be taken place. Government plays important role in human capital development. Private sector also participates in the development process. Establishment of more school, universities for higher education and increasing number of research institutions, talent retention and attraction policies influence innovation. Improvement of social infrastructure, organisation pay and performance policies are helpful in talent retention. However, it can be concluded from above discussion that although Australia and New Zealand both are developed nations, there are still some institutional barriers for opening business in both countries. Economic and political environment are comparatively stable in New Zealand. Therefore, French Innovation needs to invest in New Zealand for innovation. Market size of New Zealand is small compared to Australia. However, there is still some scope to invest in New Zealand as future prospect in this country as the financial market and government regulations are supportive for investme nt and innovations. References Barney, J.B., 2012. Purchasing, supply chain management and sustained competitive advantage: The relevance of resource?based theory.Journal of supply chain management,48(2), pp.3-6. Barney, J.B., 2012. Purchasing, supply chain management and sustained competitive advantage: The relevance of resource?based theory.Journal of supply chain management,48(2), pp.3-6. Blakely, E.J. and Leigh, N.G., 2013.Planning local economic development. Sage. Dunning, J.H., 2013.Multinationals, Technology Competitiveness (RLE International Business)(Vol. 13). Routledge. Heron, T. and Siles?Brgge, G., 2012. Competitive liberalization and the Global Europeservices and investment agenda: Locating the commercial drivers of the EUACP economic partnership agreements.JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies,50(2), pp.250-266. Hovenkamp, H., 2015.Federal Antitrust Policy, The Law of Competition and Its Practice. West Academic. Naud, W., 2013. Entrepreneurship and economic development: Theory, evidence and policy.Browser Download This Paper. Lenzen, Moran,. 2012. International trade drives biodiversity threats in developing nations.Nature,486(7401), pp.109-112. Maddison, S. and Denniss, R., 2013.An introduction to Australian public policy: theory and practice. Cambridge University Press. Miller, T., Kim, A.B. and Holmes, K., 2015. 2015 Index of economic Freedom.Washington DC: The Heritage Foundation. Mitrou, F., Cooke, M., Lawrence, D., Povah, D., Mobilia, E., Guimond, E. and Zubrick, S.R., 2014. Gaps in Indigenous disadvantage not closing: a census cohort study of social determinants of health in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand from 19812006.BMC Public Health,14(1), p.201. Northouse, P.G., 2012.Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage. nzvca.co.nz 2016. New Zealand Private Equity and Venture Capital Monitor 2016 Available at: https://www.nzvca.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/1629333_NZPEVC-Monitor_2015-full-year review_WEB_v3.pdf Rugman, A.M., Oh, C.H. and Lim, D.S., 2012. The regional and global competitiveness of multinational firms.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,40(2), pp.218-235. Saeidi, S.P., Sofian, S., Saeidi, P., Saeidi, S.P. and Saaeidi, S.A., 2015. How does corporate social responsibility contribute to firm financial performance? The mediating role of competitive advantage, reputation, and customer satisfaction.Journal of Business Research,68(2), pp.341-350. weforum.org. 2017.The Global Competitiveness Report 20162017. Available at: https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-competitiveness-report-2016-2017-1 [Accessed 1 Apr. 2017]. Yarbrough, B.V. and Yarbrough, R.M., 2014.Cooperation and governance in international trade: The strategic organizational approach. Princeton University Press.

Violent Music and Its Impact on children Essay Example For Students

Violent Music and Its Impact on children Essay Violent Music and it Impact on Children Causes and Impact of Emotional, Financial, and Physical Abuse of the Elderly Augustine Reeves Delaware Community County College April 16 2014 Introduction Does violent music really impact children life? We asked these questions every day, but do we get the right answers? This is unpredictable. No one knows what will be the outcome if we do not have music in our life. When I was a kid music was part of my every day activities. Rap, RB, Country etc. Was profanities used in those songs? Yes. Did I used them in the streets? Yes. We will write a custom essay on Violent Music and Its Impact on children specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now But does it really makes us who we are today. Different Medias Anderson, Carnage, and Banks(2003) emphasize the differences between Medias which one is more effective. Such as watching music videos and listening to audios only music. Is it more effective for a kid to do what he or she saw in the video, then saying what he or she heard in a music lyric. Music videos are more doable for children. Children will most likely take what they saw and transform it in their way of doing. The why Most parents who cares about their children behaviors will always block musical channels like B. E. T and M. T. V, and would rather allow their children to listen to amp music. In other to imitates a music lyric, you have to be a good listener, how to use to lyrics in different ways. Violent Music lyrics Impact on Children When listening to audio music with lyric, it increases thought, aggression, and emotions feeling on children. Most words that are used in lyrics are aggressive and nonaggression. According to Exposure to Violent Music, Craig A. Anderson, Nicholas L. Violent Music and Its Impact on children By Augustine Nonaggression words. Aggressive Words blood, fight hurt wound etcher gun choke hatchet knife Nonaggression Words alley drugs police stick animal movie red bottle night rock The experiment was to allow college students to listen to music with these aggressive words and nonaggression words and see what will be the outcome, and heir behaviors. The outcome was very clear that after the experiment was over the students who listened to the aggressive music had more negative feeling and aggressive thought of doing something, then the student who listened to the non- aggressive songs. Children have the mind of believing anything they hear or sees. Children who listens to aggressive music believe that they do not need to go to school, they believe they can sell drugs, become a rapper themselves, not listening to their parents because that what they heard while listening to aggressive music. That how aggressive music can impact children life. Violent Music video Impact on Children life According to helping to Curb Youth Violence, Jan L. Peterson and Russ Newman (2000) believed that youth between the age 12 and 24 year face the highest risk of being involves in violent acts and most likely involved in being kill. About nearly 60% of kid death are result of violent behaviors. Such as, homicide, accidents, gang fighting, dating assault etc. Because youth spend almost 6 to 12 hours a day watching MET, B. E. T, Youth, and other music channels. Musical videos is more about sexual oriented acts. It is said that teen who listen to rap video become more involve in violent dating. Musical videos are influenced and threaten to children. Conclusion I believe to that my thinking, my movement, my thoughts have something to do with music. As a youth I believe the image of music, the words, the videos act should be limited. But at the same time we cannot live without these things in our life no matter how risky it is. .u34970e50e72f696d6c1b9e6347d6523c , .u34970e50e72f696d6c1b9e6347d6523c .postImageUrl , .u34970e50e72f696d6c1b9e6347d6523c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u34970e50e72f696d6c1b9e6347d6523c , .u34970e50e72f696d6c1b9e6347d6523c:hover , .u34970e50e72f696d6c1b9e6347d6523c:visited , .u34970e50e72f696d6c1b9e6347d6523c:active { border:0!important; } .u34970e50e72f696d6c1b9e6347d6523c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u34970e50e72f696d6c1b9e6347d6523c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u34970e50e72f696d6c1b9e6347d6523c:active , .u34970e50e72f696d6c1b9e6347d6523c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u34970e50e72f696d6c1b9e6347d6523c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u34970e50e72f696d6c1b9e6347d6523c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u34970e50e72f696d6c1b9e6347d6523c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u34970e50e72f696d6c1b9e6347d6523c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u34970e50e72f696d6c1b9e6347d6523c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u34970e50e72f696d6c1b9e6347d6523c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u34970e50e72f696d6c1b9e6347d6523c .u34970e50e72f696d6c1b9e6347d6523c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u34970e50e72f696d6c1b9e6347d6523c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music sampling EssayLife can be very stressful especially for the elderly. Sometime it is hard to imagine how life would be financially when getting older and knowing you wont be able to work and support your family. Situation like those can lead to depression, emotions, and can sometime lead to violent in the family. Most elderly realize that they cannot depend on social security tax anymore. Financial Exploitation on Elderly According to Shelley L. Jackson and Thomas L. Haberdasher (2012), financial exploitation s defined as the illegal or improper use of an elderly persons funds, property, or assets. It is said that elderly victims annually loss $2. 9 billion to financial exploitation in Midlife 2009. Those lost can be very effective on the elderly because these are something they worked for their life. Retirement is what every individual wants so a retire person it is hard to replace a lost assets. Therefore it can lead to loss of independence and security for an elderly person. With that situation the person have to rely on a family member, or even going far as getting on social welfare. For that season it can lead to self-decline, depression, even suicide attempt. What leads to Depression on Elderly? Depression does not really start with someone already at the age of 65. It can start with a person at age of 17 and follow till they are in their asss. According to The relationship between stress and depression, Vivian Kraal], Simms Seekers, and Ella Remains state that life events in relation to physical, sexual, and emotional abuse and maltreatment during childhood. For example, a 16 year old girl lost both parents at that age she will most like be depress and might affect her life going forward. Elderly depression can also come from lack of financially assistance at a young age. A person who can work, or work and not save enough for the future can lead to depression. Because at the age of 50 they to worry about who will take care of them, theyll to worry about going to nursing home. Causes of Physical Abuse on Elderly Elderly people experience more physical abuse then others. Some causes of physical abuse on elderly are domestic violence and caregiver problem. Family issues come with domestic violence. The process of an elderly person living with a spouse can be trustful especially if the elder is sick or have mental issues. Sometime it can be financial problem. Buying all the medication, the food, and cloths. If the spouse not doing to responsibility it is consider as an abuse. The next one is caregivers. Sometime caregivers are having their own problem. It may be personal issues, psychological issues, and mental issues. The risk is very high when someone with these situation life with an elder. Physical Abuse can come when a sick elderly refuses to take his or her medication especially when it is at a consistence rate. The receiver can become to scream, names calling, and sometimes lead to hitting the elderly person.

Andrew Johnson essays

Andrew Johnson essays Everyone encounters an impediment from beginning to end in the life cycle. Some choose to renounce, while others comply with the present and what lies ahead. Many obstacles were imposed upon Andrew Johnson, his poverty, lack of education, and impeachment , yet he never overlooked his beliefs for a single moment. President Andrew Johnson is truly a heroic character on the account of overcoming these barriers and fulfilling his objective, not once neglecting his identity. President Andrew Johnson, was truly a hero. The start of the full length heroic chronology of Andrew Johnson began on December 29, 1808 on a very cold, and dark night in Raleigh, North Carolina to Mary Polly McDonough and Jacob Johnson. Both Parents were uneducated working folks who just managed to put food on the table. At the age of three Andrew experienced the lost of his father due to a heroic attempt which cost him his life. Polly was now left with no husband, no money, and two small boys, which forced her to take up spinning and weaving to barely get by. Living in a small strictly class oriented town Andrew grew up resenting the rich for their unearned luxury and the blacks for the competition they As a result of poverty Andrew never received formal education. At the early age of 13 he sat with apprentices for hours at a time and learned the tailors trade. The hours were long and the work sometimes tedious, yet Andy was a fast learner, truly efficient. But more than anything it was the reading of some customers while receiving service which kept him tied to his seat. At the shop Andrew mainly heard speeches by American and British statesmen which stirred up live discussions between clients greatly expanding Andys knowledge. As a result, Andy taught himself slowly to read putting himself in a whole new world of ideas. Andrew being a young boy was very playful, yet who knew just a ...

James Doolittle in Aviation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

James Doolittle in Aviation - Essay Example This was not only saving on the cost of fuel for landing and taking off but also saves a lot of time. His acceleration tests indicated that pilots are people who are highly skilled, have endurance in their work and whatever situation they are in when airborne as well as being marked with courage. Aviation is not a very smooth and easy career but with enough education and the characteristics mentioned above, Doolittle showed that all was possible in aviation. He helped create the Air Force Association in 1947 which as meant to assist the military pilots with their aviation issues only they could understand. His most notable achievement according to Krebs, (1993) is the development of instrument flying which involved pilots being trained on using different instruments to navigate and even take control of the aircraft during weather conditions such as clouds, fog, and precipitation among others which were previously hard to maneuver. What his contributions did is make aviation a more lo vable and less feared career. It also made the pilots already in the field become proud of their achievements and especially when the association was formed where they got to share. The development of the instrument flying enabled the pilots to prevent blind flying which was brought about by confusion in motion senses during flying. His courage also gave the other pilots and pilots aspirants have the courage to try out their own â€Å"tricks† that would ensue in later aviation developments and discoveries.

Disability as a Social Issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Disability as a Social Issue - Essay Example As the report declares the social model of disability is one of incredible importance and significance, particularly so now, when the war in Iraq is still taking place, as the issue of disability has never before been put so much into the spotlight. The media, not only in Britain but across the world as well, has truly pulled the matter of disability into being a major one in the media universally, and thus this explains why the term disability as well as the social model of disability itself is presently in so much question and controversy. This social model of disability sees the issue in general as being mainly and primarily as being a result of a socially created problem, and basically thus as well a matter of the full integration of individuals into society. â€Å"Disability is not an attribute of an individual, but rather a complex collection of conditions, many of which are created by the social environment. According to the discussion findings the social model of disability basically distinguishes between the matters of impairment and disability, impairment referring to the concrete mental or physical state, and disability referring to the socio-cultural construct. This goes to say then that impairments are in fact not considered as being inherently disabling, but rather that disability is caused by a society which fails to provide for those people who do have impairments, and that there are obstacles which are unnecessarily and wrongly put in their way. The ways in which disability is viewed socially is not only incredibly significant in itself as an issue but as well has

Direct Seeding Literature Review Essay Example for Free

Direct Seeding Literature Review Essay Introduction: The world’s total forest area is just over 4 billion hectares, which corresponds to an average of 0.6 ha per capita (Figure 1). The five most forest-rich countries (the Russian Federation, Brazil, Canada, the United States of America and China) account for more than half of the total forest area. Deforestation – mainly the conversion of tropical forest to agricultural land – shows signs of decreasing in several countries. Around 13 million hectares of forest were converted to other uses or lost through natural causes each year in the last decade. At a regional level, South America suffered the largest net loss of forests between 2000 and 2010 – about 4.0 million hectares per year – followed by Africa, which lost3.4 million hectares annually (Figure 5). Oceania also reported a net loss of forest (about 700 000 ha per year over the period 2000–2010), mainly due to large losses of forests in Australia, where severe drought and forest fires have exacerbated the loss of forest since 2000. Asia, which had a net loss of forest of some 600 000 ha annually in the 1990s. Need of Forest Restoration: Within the last ten years, tropical rainforests have been destroyed at an annual rate of 0.8% of area (Whitemore, 1997). So this things brings to human being to think about the forest restoration. Forest restoration is defined as â€Å"actions to re-instate ecological processes, which accelerate recovery of forest structure, ecological functioning and biodiversity levels towards those typical of climax forest† Various forest restoration methods have been developed, for instance, the accelerated natural regeneration ( ANR) (Jansen and Pfeifer , 1989), The Framework Species method(Goosem Tucker, 1995) and The Maximum Species Diversity method. The ANR method is Effective where natural regeneration is already underway. Eliminates nursery and tree planting costs. Relatively cheap – Capitalizes on â€Å"free† ecological services US$ 1,400/ha. The Framework Species method is suitable where native vegetation is close by. Its only need a single planting and it is self sustaining. In the Maximum Species Diversity method a large percentage of species are from the mature phase and primary promoters are avoided. The major disadvantage of this method slower growth rate and post planting management is required. Now a days there is some evidence that , reforestation plays a key role in the long term of restoration of landscape functioning, as well as social and economic development. Reforestation can catalyses and induce succession of forest ecosystems using native species (Parrotta, 2000). Direct Seeding: An ancient method of establishing trees is by sowing seeds directly where the future trees are required. In many circumstances, this method is superior to the traditional method of planting nursery-raised plants. In several tropical countries, the demand for reforestation is often not met due to limited resources. Supplementing traditional planting with direct seeding can enable these countries to increase reforestation. Direct seeding is a regeneration method of sowing seeds directly where the future trees are required, whether it is for forest plantations, shelterbelts or in agroforestry. In this way the laborious task of raising nursery plants and transplanting them to the planting site is omitted. Direct seeding offers various interesting possibilities e.g. the ability to rapidly increase the area being forested or the ability to provide rural people with an inexpensive method to obtain benefits from trees. History of Direct Seeding: Direct seeding has over the last 50 years gained in importance, especially in North America and China where large areas have been direct seeded from helicopters or aero planes. Direct seeding from the air has been widely used in China where more than 15 million ha have been reforested between 1956 and 1985 (Xinhua Jingchun, 1988). In the developed countries more than 1⠁„2 million ha were reported to be direct seeded in 1974 or about 20 % of the area being planted (Appleroth, 1975). Direct seeding in the tropics is less reported compared with the subtropics (Australia and USA) or the temperate regions (USA, Canada and Scandinavia). Trials have been carried out and reported from various tropical countries for example Indonesia, Philippines, India, Central America, Northern Australia and the Sahel in Africa. Direct seeding in the tropics has been carried out many times without the results ever being published. In the dry tropics traditional forestry is limited and most trees are r aised in connection with agriculture. Here, direct seeding already plays an important role, this could increase in the future by being implemented in afforestation and in establishment of shelterbelts. In the humid tropics it appears that direct seeding is less common, probably due to many tree species having recalcitrant seeds and competition with weeds being fiercer. Nevertheless direct seeding has the ability to contribute significantly to tropical forestry in the future, probably not as the main regeneration method but as a method that under certain circumstances is superior to other methods. The following will describe various scenarios where direct seeding is employed in the tropics. Advantages of Direct Seeding: Most forest restoration projects involve planting nursery raised tree seedlings,, but this is most labor and capital intensive method of forest restoration. Seed collection, raising seedlings in a nursery, planting and maintaining planted saplings until they can establish and become independent all require substantial labor inputs (Hardwick et al., 2000). Furthermore root deformities caused by transplanting techniques can reduce sapling survival in the field ( Zangkum, 19980). The Potential advantages of direct seeding over other plantation establishment techniques include cost savings associated with nursery care and planting as well as the possibility that trees established by this means may develop more naturally or quickly, than would transplanted seedlings or cuttings( Engel Parrotta,2001). The Eden Project in Niger is recommending direct seeding as an appropriate method of establishing trees where water is scarce (Eden Foundation, 2000). It is claimed that nursery plant use precious irrigation water, whereas direct seeding carried out prior to or during the rainy season does not need irrigation. They further maintain that plantation established by direct seeding tend to produce extensive root system, whereas the above ground shoots grow more slowly. In contrast seedlings in nurseries tend to produce large shoots and have to be irrigated or they they will suffer high mortality, whereas plants that established through direct seeding are more likely to be able to reach moisture remaining in the soil after rainy season.(Oschner,2001). This was quantified by Samba (1992) who sowed the seeds of Faidherbia albida at the same time as planting as planting nursery raised plants. Four months after sowing direct seeded plants were about twice as tall and had a mean dry root mass 25 times higher than that of the nursery raised plants. The disadvantages of Direct Seeding: The significant disadvantages of direct seeding that can outweigh these advantages include low germination survival percentages, seedling mortality associated with weed competition and also poor weather condition (Evans, 1982). Steven stated that the results of direct seeding are affected by a number of factors including species, soil conditions, site preparation and techniques for seed germination. Garwood (1989) pointed out that seed destructed by animals also plays a key role in reducing seed germination. Direct Seeding in different purposes: Direct deeding can used for many purposes like for plantation, restoration, in mine spoils rehabilitation, in agro forestry. Negreros et al., 2003 worked in Mexico to restore the area by Mahogany seeds. Because this is very valuable for timber. He found that Burying Mahogany seeds were clearly better than sowing them on the soil surface and it yields double comapared to sowing method. For restoration purposes by direct seeding method, Tunjai and Elliott (2011) found that seed trait is very important to achieve the goal of forest restoration by this method. They said Large or intermediate sized seeds, Round or oval seeds, Medium or low moisture content seeds showed good establishment when they sowed in the field for forest restoration purposes. For mine site rehabilitation Parrotta and Knowles(2001) found that In term of species richness, densities and life span over 40 years Direct seeding got the most priority. They experimented with four forest restoration techniques and direct seeding showed the good result for rehabilitation mine site in Brazil. Factors effecting seed germination when applied by direct seeding: Seed germination is the activation of the metabolic machinery of the embryo, leading to the emergence of a new seedling ( Poulsen and Stubsgaard, 1995). Seeds of some species do not germinate due to hard seeed coats hindering intake of water ( Baskin Baskin, 1998). Seed treatments can be applied to break dormancy and improve the seed coat permeability. For germination to be initiated three conditions must be fulfilled: first seeds must be viable that the embryo must be alive and capable of germination. Second, the seed must be subjected to a proper environmental conditions, available water, proper temperatures, a supply of oxygen and sometimes light. Third dormancy must be overcome. ( Poulsen and Stubsgaard, 1995).However seed treatments can be applied to break dormancy and impro ve seed coat permeability such as scarification, soaking in water or boiling in hot water or hot sand.( Hardwick Elliott,1992). Problems with weeds: Studies conducted by Sun, Dickson and Bragg ( 1995) in Australia, found that the survival and early growth of Alphitonia petriei through direct seeding are largely affected by weed competition and site conditions. The death of germinated seedlings, a few weeks after germination in the plots where weeds remained undisturbed through out the experiment, was mot likely due to the effects of competition for light from the existing weeds. Results from both the glasshouse and field experiments also indicate that weed compition severely limited the early growth of Alphitonia. Frequent weeding is necessary during the early growth phase.(Engel Parrotta 2001). Problems with predation: Seed predation can be severe and looses up to 100% have been reported. (Crawley, 1992). Seed predation has identified as one of the biotic barriers to natural forest regeneration in the abandoned Amazon pasture derived from rainforest ( Nepstad et al., 1991). Garwood (1989) pointed out that seed destructed by animals also play vital roles in reducing seed germination. However Crouch And Radwan (1975) recommending seed coating and pelleting against seed predators. But little is known about this technique in tropical situation. The study of Woods and Elliott (2004) was designed based on the premise that scarifying seeds before sowing them in the fields cleared of weeds would shorten seed dormancy to decrease the time available for seed predation to occur and that burial conceals seeds from potential predator. They found that ants were the only predator observed. Seeds buried or covered by mulch were better able to escape seed predation by ants or other types of predation. Other problems: The results from Sun et al., 1995 showed that compacted and eroded soils are inhospitable to the establishment of A. petriei seedlings. So,at this point site preparation is necessary to overcome this problem. Points to achieve succession of using direct seeding: Sun et al.1995 conclude that weed control and maintenance of nutrient levels are essential for success. Engel and Parrotta (2001) suggested that what is required is a more systematic screening of potential species and their response to direct seeding under field conditions and evaluation of coast associated with plantation establishment and aftercare. Seed quality is also other concern, using fresh seeds collected from several parent trees growing on sites where soil and climatic conditions are similar to those being reforested and planting should be carried on high rainfall. Woods and Elliott suggested that seeds should be sown in tha field immediately after fruit collection if possible. In order to minimize seed storage, species selected for dirct seeding should fruit at the beginning of the rainy season when direct seeding is most likely to be successful. Areas where direct Seeding could get an importence: Many tropical species have recalcitrant seeds, e.g. most trees in the dipterocarp family. This means that the seeds deteriorate rapidly after collection and can only be stored for a short period. If transport and temporary storage can be reduced to a minimum by processing the seedlot at the collection site before direct seeding the seeds at the planned site, the whole operation may be done in fewer days compared to a solution with a central processing centre and a nursery. This solution should result in a seedlot with better germination and possibly a higher overall percentage of established plants. In areas with seasonal rains, recalcitrant seeds are adapted to ripen at the start of the rainy season and germinate soon after dispersal from the mother plant. Time for direct seeding will thus naturally be at the beginning of the wet season, just after collection of the seeds, where the rains will provide a good start for the seedlings. In contrast, nursery stock has to be planted out a year after seed collection at the onset of the next rainy season or alternatively at a time where drought can hinder the growth and survival of the seedlings. Many species will reach a fair size after a year in the nursery, resulting in more costly transport and planting of nursery stock compared to direct seeding. In Southeast Asia large areas of former rain forest lands have been turned into imperata (Imperata cylindrica) grassland, due to failure of reforestation. In Indonesia alone the latest estimate of Imperata grasslands is 8,6 million ha (Garrity et al. 1997). In these areas it is difficult for trees to establish naturally due to annual fires. Direct seeding in connection with constructing fire-belts could perhaps offer an alternative method to reforest these areas. In a trial in Jamaica a variety of trees was successfully established on grassland (Roshetko et al. 1991, 1991). It was concluded that trees can be established by direct seeding even with heavy grass competition, providing that monthly weeding is carried out until trees reach a competitive size. In a Nigerian trial Gliricidia sepium was both planted and direct seeded in Panicum maximum pastures after mechanical seedbed preparation (Cobbina 1994). Although planting showed better results, direct seeding could still offer a worthwhile alternative if expenses are taken into account. In order to compete with the imperata grass it would be sensible to start the reforestation with fast growing exotic tree species for example Acacia spp., Leucaena, Cajanus cajan or Sesbania spp. In order to obtain more valuable forest products planting or direct seeding of native primary forest species such as dipterocarps could be carried out at a later stage when the grasses have been outcompeted. Otsamo (2000) reported that native trees can be establish in the understorey of fast growing plantation species; he found 63 tree species in plantations on Borneo, which was established on former Imperata grasslands. Costs and benefits: Angel and Parrotta (2001) reported that the establishment and maintenance cost of direct seeding of five species in Brazil during the 2 years study period averaged 747-912 US $ per hectare. This cost compare favorably with those for plantation establishment and maintenance at this site using nursery grown seedlings of native tree species in other plantation treatments include in same project , which averaged1200- 1500 US $.(Unpublished data).Therefore direct seeding in this project can reduce about 63% compared with the plantation using nursery grown seedlings. References: Appelroth, S.E. (1975). Work study aspects of planting and direct seeding in forestry. In Symposium Stand Establishment; Proceedings, p. 202-269. Engel, V. L. and J. Parrotta, 2001. An evaluation of direct seeding for reforestation of degraded lands in central Sao Paulo state, Brazil. Forest Ecology an Management 152:169-181. Garwood, N.C.1989. Tropical soil seed banks. In: M.A. Leck, V.T. Parker and R.L. Simpson (Eds.). Ecology of soil seed banks. Academic press Newyork, 149-210. Goosem, S. and N.I.I. Tucker.1995. Repairing the rainforest. Theory and practice of rainforest re establishment. Wet tropics management authority. Cairns, Queensland, Australia.72 pp. Hardwick K (1999) Tree colonization of abandoned agricultural clearings in seasonal tropical montane forest in nothern Thailand. In, vol. Doctor of Philosophy. University of Wales, Bangor,p 168. Jansen, C.L. and S. Pfeifer.1989. Assisted natural regeneration: a new reforestation approach. USAID report prepared for the development of environment and natural resources. Government of the Philippines 22pp. Negreros CP, Hall RB (1996) First-year results of partial overstory removal and direct seeding of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) in Quintana Roo, Mexico. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 3:65-76 Negreros, C. P. and R. B. Hall, 1996. First-year results of partial overstory removal and direct seeding of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) in Quintana Roo, Mexico. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 3:65-76 Oschner, P. 2001. Direct seeding in the tropics. IUFRO Joint symposium on tree seed technology. Physiology and tropical Silviculture, College of forestry Natural Resources, University of the Philippines, Los banos. Parrotta JA, Knowles OH (2001) Restoring tropical forests on lands mined for bauxite: Examples from the Brazilian Amazon. Ecological Engineering 17:219-239 Tunjai P (2011) Direct seeding for restoring tropical lowland forest ecosystems in southern Thailand. In, vol. Doctor of Philosophy. Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, p 192 Woods K, Elliott S (2004) Direct seeding fo r forest restoration on abandoned agricultural land in northern Thailand. Whitmore, T. C. 1997. Tropical rainforest disturbance disapperance and species loss.In: W.F. Laurance And R.O. bierregaard Jr. (eds.0 . Tropical forest remmnants:Ecology management and Conservation of fragmant communities.(pp.3-12). Journal of Tropical Forest Science 16:248-259. Xinhua, C. and Z. Jingchun. 1988. Sowing from the air: China’s experience. Tigerpaper vol. XV: No. 1. FAO forest news. http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1757e/i1757e.pdf Zangkum, S. 1998. Growing tree seedlings to restore forests: effects of container type and media on seedling growth and morphology. MSc thesis, Chiang Mai Univerity, Chiang Mai.

Comparing Metaphors in Norman Macleans, A River Runs Through It and He

Comparing Metaphors in Norman Maclean's, A River Runs Through It and Henry David Thoreau's, Walden In Norman Maclean's A River Runs Through It, the author recounts the story of his early life growing up in Montana. The narrative revolves around his family and the art of fly fishing. Through the novel, Maclean begins to understand the wisdom of his father, the fierce independence and downfall of his brother, and the divinity and beauty of nature. A similar theme regarding divinity in nature is found in Henry David Thoreau's Walden. Building his own cabin and supplying his own food, Thoreau spends two years living alone beside Walden Pond. Thoreau recognizes nature as the "highest reality"(265) and the intrinsic work of "the Builder of the universe"(348). Thoreau also provides insights into human life and expresses these in indirect metaphors with his natural surroundings. The narratives differ most in their changes in mood and plot progression. In Walden, Thoreau displays a change from beginning to end, expressing pessimism and depression at first and then happiness and fulfillment in the end. A River Runs Through It is largely opposite of this change. Thus, both authors relate similar themes and experiences while significant differences exist in the mood and progression. One theme common to both narratives relates to how people are similar to bodies of water. Maclean illustrates this as he describes his brother Paul as being "tough"(8) and "very angry"(7) from his youth. Consequently, Paul's favorite river is the Big Blackfoot, which "is the most powerful and . . . runs straight and hard"(13). Maclean describes the river's "glacial origins"(14) and how it was formed overnight in "the biggest flood in the world"(14). Paul... ... glories in the beauty of nature and expressed how infinite man's possibilities are. In contrast, Maclean provides a valuable and realistic lesson, as his brother's premature death and his family's sorrow are the final details of his story. Despite, the depressing ending, Maclean expresses his belief in the permanence of one's legacy as he hears the words of his family echoed in the river. Thoreau states, "Yes, we have done great deeds, and song divine songs, which shall never die"(349). Thus, both works display compelling themes of nature and men's lives while differing substantially in their plot progression and mood. Works Cited Maclean, Norman. A River Runs Through It and Other Stories. Chicago: The U of Chicago P, 1976. Thoreau, Henry David. Walden. 1862. Walden and Other Writings by Henry David Thoreau. Ed. Joseph Wood Krutch. New York: Bantam, 2001. Comparing Metaphors in Norman Maclean's, A River Runs Through It and He Comparing Metaphors in Norman Maclean's, A River Runs Through It and Henry David Thoreau's, Walden In Norman Maclean's A River Runs Through It, the author recounts the story of his early life growing up in Montana. The narrative revolves around his family and the art of fly fishing. Through the novel, Maclean begins to understand the wisdom of his father, the fierce independence and downfall of his brother, and the divinity and beauty of nature. A similar theme regarding divinity in nature is found in Henry David Thoreau's Walden. Building his own cabin and supplying his own food, Thoreau spends two years living alone beside Walden Pond. Thoreau recognizes nature as the "highest reality"(265) and the intrinsic work of "the Builder of the universe"(348). Thoreau also provides insights into human life and expresses these in indirect metaphors with his natural surroundings. The narratives differ most in their changes in mood and plot progression. In Walden, Thoreau displays a change from beginning to end, expressing pessimism and depression at first and then happiness and fulfillment in the end. A River Runs Through It is largely opposite of this change. Thus, both authors relate similar themes and experiences while significant differences exist in the mood and progression. One theme common to both narratives relates to how people are similar to bodies of water. Maclean illustrates this as he describes his brother Paul as being "tough"(8) and "very angry"(7) from his youth. Consequently, Paul's favorite river is the Big Blackfoot, which "is the most powerful and . . . runs straight and hard"(13). Maclean describes the river's "glacial origins"(14) and how it was formed overnight in "the biggest flood in the world"(14). Paul... ... glories in the beauty of nature and expressed how infinite man's possibilities are. In contrast, Maclean provides a valuable and realistic lesson, as his brother's premature death and his family's sorrow are the final details of his story. Despite, the depressing ending, Maclean expresses his belief in the permanence of one's legacy as he hears the words of his family echoed in the river. Thoreau states, "Yes, we have done great deeds, and song divine songs, which shall never die"(349). Thus, both works display compelling themes of nature and men's lives while differing substantially in their plot progression and mood. Works Cited Maclean, Norman. A River Runs Through It and Other Stories. Chicago: The U of Chicago P, 1976. Thoreau, Henry David. Walden. 1862. Walden and Other Writings by Henry David Thoreau. Ed. Joseph Wood Krutch. New York: Bantam, 2001.

Importance of Attending All Your Classes

So have you ever asked yourself or wondered: What’s the importance of attending all your classes, and what’s the importance of actively participating in class discussions? Well you will soon find out that it is so very important that you do attend all your classes and that you are actively participating in class discussions. First let’s answer what’s the importance of attending all your classes? Well to start off with attending class helps you to learn in many different ways. Lectures help you out on reading assignments, class presentations show information differently than the text, discussion of topics provides current or new information, and hearing comments and questions of others may answer your own questions. Taking your classes seriously is the only way that you will ever do well in college. Going to class is a good thing because well you paid for it. Why throw your money away simply because you don't feel like going? Don't let your teacher get free money, and then give them an excuse to fail you. Why would you even sign up for college if you weren't going to go to class in the first place? There is no reason not to go to class if you are going to college. That is why you go to school, because you are taking classes to learn. It’s only beneficial to you! Moving on, what’s the importance of actively participating in class discussions? Well the most important reason is that the teacher will consider your participation as a positive sign you are listening, willing to cooperate and most importantly willing to learn. And it also means that you are alert and thinking about what's being taught. In addition you may have valuable opinions and ideas which your classmates or teacher may need or want to hear. If you don't speak up and share, how will they know? Also you learn more by challenging and discussing the idea or topic presented. And lastly some classes may give a participation credit. So the more you participate in class discussions the better participation grade you will receive and you’ll learn more that way too! So just go to class, and participate in class discussions. It can be annoying, but you will get more out of the class if you take if you actually go. Sure, class can be boring, and they can be really early or late sometimes, but it pays to go. You learn more, you get more information, it’s beneficial for you and you get the most for the money that you paid for school. It is a huge investment, and you should take it seriously.

The Issue Of Child Labor - 1196 Words

The issue of child labor has drawn significant attention since early 1990s as many labor union and special interest groups advocate banning import of goods produced by the child labor in developing countries and the international consensus in the form of Convention on the Right of the Child (CRC) which is widely ratified in 1989 by countries (Boyden, Ling and Myers, 1998). However, concern regarding child labor is not new and can be dated back to industrial revolution, especially late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, in England many parents were helpless but to send their children to work to cope the increasing poverty and inequality. (Horrell and Humphries, 1995; Edmonds, 2007). Nevertheless, before the industrial revolution and†¦show more content†¦There have been steady decline in the incidence of child s exposure to hazardous work and child labor on balance. However, the recent estimates of child labor are still astonishingly high and the trend predict even slowe r pace of decline in child labor. According to ILO report in 2012, for age group 5-17 years 16.7 percent (or 264,427 in absolute number) of children are in some form of employment, 10.6 percent (equivalently 167,956) is considered as child labor, and 5.4 percent (equivalently 85,344) is involved in hazardous work. Although these figures are lower than the corresponding figures in 2000, the absolute numbers of child labor are still very high (ILO 2013). Policy measures adopted to reduce child labor are derived from an increasing number of theoretical and empirical research on this issue specially since late 1990s. Theoretical studies use the household decision making model to explain the incidence of child labor and attempt to find the determinants of child labor. Initial models that attempt to explain the phenomenon of child labor assume an exploitative household where child is considered household s asset and parents are the sole decision maker who maximizes their welfare disregar ding the welfare of child. In these models parents are selfish and child labor is chosen if it maximizes household welfare which may disregardShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Child Labor Laws1461 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States of America has always been deeply ideologically split on the idea of child labor. On the one side, many people believe that children benefit from long hard hours at work because it prepares them for the real world unlike the ability of school. Along with the growth of the child, they also believe that it would create large economical growth throughout the nation. Among the many people that believe this are two of hour founding fathers, Benjamin Franklin and Abraham Lincoln. 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Still in America poor families depend heavenly upon their children working in order to improve their chances of attaining basic necessities. American history goesRead MoreChild Labor Is The Lack Of Intergenerational Human Capital Development1639 Words   |  7 Pagesthat child labor is highly exploitative and is driven by long hours in deplorable conditions in sweat shops, prostitution rings, and rebel armies. While this perception has been very effective at raising awareness and action on the issue of child labor, it is quite misleading as only a small percentage of wage labor is of such an exploitative nature. It is imperative to take a more nuanced view of child labor and accept that it is not inherently bad as the current stigmatized view of the issue wouldRead MoreCan Child Labor Be Stopped?1588 Words   |  7 PagesCan Child Labor be Stopped? There are approximately 215 million children under the age of 15 that are working in the child labor industry around the world. 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